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Viral Diseases Dataset – Comprehensive List of Human Viral Infections
Viral Diseases Dataset
The Viral Diseases Dataset is a structured medical database containing a comprehensive list of viral infections that affect humans.
Viruses are responsible for a wide range of illnesses, from mild infections such as the common cold to severe diseases such as Ebola and COVID-19. This dataset provides organised information about viral diseases to support research, education, and healthcare analytics.
Each record includes detailed information about the disease, including symptoms, severity, and the body systems affected.
The dataset has been cleaned and structured for easy integration into spreadsheets, databases, and analytics platforms.
It is ideal for researchers, healthcare developers, epidemiologists, and data scientists who require structured infectious disease data.
Dataset Contents
The dataset includes fields such as:
- Disease Name
- Virus / Pathogen Name
- Disease Category
- Common Symptoms
- Severity Level
- Transmission Method
- Affected Body System
- Treatment or Management
Example Diseases Included
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- Ebola Virus Disease
- Dengue Fever
- Rabies
- Measles
- Mumps
- Chickenpox (Varicella)
- Hepatitis B
- Zika Virus Disease
...and many other viral infections.
Data Preview
14 columns
25 rows shown
| No. | Disease / Virus Name | Type | Virus Family | Transmission | Affected Systems | Symptoms | Incubation Period | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Geographic Distribution | Mortality Rate | Notable Information | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis | Disease | Adenoviridae | Direct contact; fomites; contaminated ophthalmic instruments; respiratory droplets | Eyes | Severe conjunctival inflammation; keratitis; photophobia; tearing; foreign body sensation; subepithelial corneal infiltrates; lid oedema; preauricular lymphadenopathy | 5-12 days | Clinical examination; viral culture; PCR of conjunctival swab; immunochromatography (AdenoPlus rapid test) | Supportive care (cold compresses, artificial tears); no specific antiviral; topical corticosteroids for subepithelial infiltrates (controversial); cidofovir (investigational) | Strict hand hygiene; disinfection of ophthalmic equipment; avoid sharing towels/eye cosmetics; isolation of infected individuals | Worldwide; epidemic outbreaks in hospitals, military barracks, swimming pools | Extremely rare (essentially 0%) | Caused mainly by adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, 37; highly contagious; epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is the most severe form; corneal opacities can persist for months to years |
| 2 | 2 | Amur virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta (urine, droppings, saliva) from Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) | Kidneys; vascular system | Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS): fever; headache; myalgia; abdominal pain; haemorrhagic manifestations; renal failure; hypotension; thrombocytopaenia | 2-4 weeks | Serology (IgM/IgG ELISA); RT-PCR; immunofluorescence assay | Supportive care; fluid management; dialysis if needed; ribavirin (investigational, may reduce mortality if given early) | Rodent control; avoid contact with rodent excreta; proper ventilation when cleaning rodent-infested areas | Far East Russia; northeastern China; Korea | ~5-15% (HFRS) | Closely related to Hantaan virus; named after Amur River region; carried by Apodemus peninsulae; causes moderate to severe HFRS |
| 3 | 3 | Andes virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from long-tailed colilargo (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus); person-to-person transmission documented | Lungs; vascular system | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): prodromal fever, myalgia, headache followed by rapid-onset non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; respiratory failure; shock; thrombocytopaenia | 1-5 weeks (average 2 weeks) | Serology (IgM ELISA); RT-PCR; immunohistochemistry | Intensive supportive care; mechanical ventilation; ECMO in severe cases; no approved antiviral | Rodent control; avoid contact with rodent excreta; infection control for person-to-person risk; proper PPE | South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia) | ~25-40% (HPS) | Only hantavirus with confirmed person-to-person transmission; first identified in 1995 in Argentina; can cause both HPS and HFRS-like illness |
| 4 | 4 | Astrovirus | Virus | Astroviridae | Faecal-oral route; contaminated food and water; person-to-person contact | Gastrointestinal tract | Watery diarrhoea; nausea; vomiting; abdominal cramps; low-grade fever; malaise; typically milder than rotavirus | 1-4 days | Electron microscopy (star-shaped morphology); ELISA; RT-PCR; immunochromatography | Supportive care; oral or IV rehydration; no specific antiviral | Hand hygiene; safe food/water handling; environmental disinfection | Worldwide | Very low (<0.1%); deaths rare, mainly in immunocompromised or malnourished children | Named for star-like appearance under electron microscopy; common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children (after rotavirus and norovirus); 8 human serotypes (HAstV 1-8); serotype 1 most prevalent |
| 5 | 5 | Bas-Congo virus | Virus | Rhabdoviridae | Suspected person-to-person (exact mechanism unknown); possibly via body fluids; insect vectors suspected | Vascular system; multi-organ | Acute haemorrhagic fever; fever; headache; vomiting; bloody diarrhoea; epistaxis; gingival bleeding; conjunctival injection | Unknown (estimated 2-10 days based on case cluster) | RT-PCR; next-generation sequencing; serology (neutralisation assay) | Supportive care; no specific antiviral available | Standard infection control precautions; contact and droplet precautions; further research needed | Democratic Republic of Congo (Bas-Congo province) | ~2 of 3 known cases fatal (~67%) | Cases occurred in 2009; virus identified via retrospective sequencing and published in 2012; novel rhabdovirus; only 3 cases reported (2 fatal); first rhabdovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic fever in humans; natural reservoir unknown |
| 6 | 6 | Borna disease | Disease | Bornaviridae (Mononegavirales) | Likely nasal/olfactory route; contact with infected animal secretions (bicoloured white-toothed shrew reservoir); exact human transmission unclear | Central nervous system | Encephalitis; behavioural disturbances; cognitive impairment; movement disorders; seizures; fever; headache; progressive neurological decline | Weeks to months (variable) | RT-PCR (brain biopsy or CSF); serology; immunohistochemistry; MRI (encephalitic changes) | Supportive care; no proven antiviral therapy; ribavirin and amantadine investigated without clear benefit | Avoid contact with shrew excretions; rodent control in endemic areas | Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein) | ~90-100% in confirmed human BoDV-1 encephalitis cases | Originally known as equine disease; human cases from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) confirmed since 2018; non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus; reservoir is bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) |
| 7 | 7 | Carrizal virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Presumed inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from Reithrodontomys sumichrasti (Sumichrast's harvest mouse) | Presumed lungs; vascular system | No confirmed human cases; potentially hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) if pathogenic to humans | Unknown (no human cases) | RT-PCR; serology (cross-reactivity with other hantaviruses) | Supportive care (if human disease occurs) | Rodent control; avoid rodent excreta contact | Mexico (Guerrero state) | Unknown (no confirmed human cases) | Identified in Reithrodontomys sumichrasti in Mexico; no confirmed human disease; closely related to other New World hantaviruses; research ongoing on pathogenic potential |
| 8 | 8 | Catacamas virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Presumed inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from Oryzomys couesi (Coues' rice rat) | Presumed lungs; vascular system | No confirmed human cases; potentially hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) if pathogenic to humans | Unknown (no human cases) | RT-PCR; sequencing; serology | Supportive care (if human disease occurs) | Rodent control; avoid rodent excreta contact | Honduras (Catacamas region, Olancho department) | Unknown (no confirmed human cases) | Named after Catacamas, Honduras; identified in Oryzomys couesi; no known human disease; part of ongoing hantavirus surveillance in Central America |
| 9 | 9 | Chandipura encephalitis | Disease | Rhabdoviridae (Vesiculovirus) | Sandfly bite (Phlebotomus species); possibly mosquito-borne | Central nervous system | Acute encephalitis; high fever; convulsions; altered consciousness; vomiting; rapid neurological deterioration; coma; primarily affects children | 1-4 days | RT-PCR; virus isolation from CSF or blood; serology (IgM ELISA); immunofluorescence | Supportive care; no specific antiviral; intensive care for seizures and cerebral oedema | Vector control (sandfly/mosquito reduction); use of bed nets and insect repellent; avoiding outdoor exposure at dusk/dawn | India (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat); isolated reports from West Africa | ~55-75% (especially in children) | First isolated in 1965 in Chandipura, Maharashtra, India; major outbreaks in India (2003-2004, 2024); predominantly affects children under 15; rapidly progressive encephalitis |
| 10 | 10 | Chickenpox (Varicella) | Disease | Herpesviridae (Alphaherpesvirinae — VZV/HHV-3) | Airborne (respiratory droplets/aerosol); direct contact with vesicle fluid; highly contagious (R0 ~10-12) | Skin; respiratory system; CNS (rare) | Pruritic vesicular rash (crops at different stages — macules, papules, vesicles, crusts); fever; malaise; headache; complications: secondary bacterial skin infection, pneumonia (adults), encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, Reye syndrome | 10-21 days (average 14-16 days) | Clinical presentation (characteristic rash); PCR (vesicular fluid); DFA; viral culture; serology (VZV IgM/IgG) | Supportive care (calamine lotion, antihistamines for itch); oral aciclovir (within 24h of rash onset — recommended for adolescents, adults, immunocompromised); IV aciclovir for severe/immunocompromised cases | Varicella vaccine (live attenuated — 2 doses; ~90% effective); post-exposure prophylaxis with varicella vaccine (within 3-5 days) or VZIG (immunocompromised, pregnant, neonates) | Worldwide; endemic in unvaccinated populations; seasonal peaks in winter/spring in temperate climates | ~1 in 60,000 cases fatal in children; higher in adults (~25× greater than children), neonates (up to 30%), and immunocompromised | Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV/HHV-3); after primary infection, VZV establishes lifelong latency in dorsal root ganglia — reactivation causes shingles; highly contagious — up to 90% household transmission; vaccine introduced 1995 (US); breakthrough varicella in vaccinated individuals is milder |
| 11 | 11 | Chikungunya | Disease | Togaviridae (Alphavirus) | Mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus); rarely vertical (mother-to-child during delivery); blood transfusion (theoretical) | Musculoskeletal system; skin; joints | High fever (>39°C); severe bilateral polyarthralgia (hallmark — wrists, ankles, hands, knees); maculopapular rash; headache; myalgia; conjunctival injection; chronic arthralgia can persist months to years in 30-40% of cases | 2-12 days (average 3-7 days) | RT-PCR (first 5 days); serology (IgM ELISA — after day 5; IgG seroconversion); virus isolation; plaque reduction neutralisation test | Supportive care; NSAIDs/analgesics for arthralgia (avoid aspirin in dengue co-endemic areas); rest; fluids; methotrexate or DMARDs for chronic arthritis; no approved antiviral | Mosquito control (eliminate breeding sites); personal protection (repellent, long clothing, screens); Ixchiq vaccine (live attenuated, FDA-approved 2023); community engagement for source reduction | Tropics and subtropics: sub-Saharan Africa, South/Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean islands, Caribbean, Central/South America; increasingly southern Europe (autochthonous cases in Italy, France, Spain) | ~0.1% overall; higher in neonates and elderly with comorbidities; morbidity very high due to chronic arthralgia | Named from Kimakonde language meaning 'to become contorted' (due to joint pain); first described 1952 in Tanzania; major outbreaks: La Réunion 2005-2006 (~266,000 cases); spread to Americas in 2013; Ixchiq is first approved chikungunya vaccine (FDA 2023); chronic arthralgia in 30-40% of patients is major burden |
| 12 | 12 | Choclo virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from pygmy rice rat (Oligoryzomys costaricensis, formerly O. fulvescens) | Lungs; vascular system | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): fever; myalgia; headache; cough; dyspnoea; non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; respiratory failure | 1-5 weeks | Serology (IgM/IgG ELISA); RT-PCR | Supportive intensive care; mechanical ventilation; ECMO in severe cases | Rodent control; avoid contact with rodent excreta; proper ventilation in enclosed spaces | Panama; Central America | ~10-25% (HPS) | Named after El Choclo cantina near Las Tablas, Los Santos Province, Panama; virus isolated in 2000 during 1999-2000 outbreak; causes HPS in Panama; associated with Oligoryzomys costaricensis |
| 13 | 13 | Cold sore | Disease | Herpesviridae (Alphaherpesvirinae) | Direct contact with infected saliva, lesions, or mucosal surfaces; oral-to-oral contact; vertical transmission | Skin; mucous membranes; orofacial region | Prodromal tingling/burning; clustered vesicles on erythematous base on lips/perioral skin; pain; crusting; healing in 7-10 days; recurrences common | 2-12 days (primary infection) | Clinical appearance; PCR (gold standard); viral culture; direct fluorescent antibody (DFA); Tzanck smear; type-specific serology | Oral antivirals: aciclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir (shorten duration and severity); topical penciclovir or aciclovir cream; suppressive therapy for frequent recurrences (≥6/year) | Avoid contact with active lesions; no sharing of utensils/lip products; suppressive antiviral therapy reduces transmission; sun protection (UV is a trigger) | Worldwide; ~67% of global population under 50 has HSV-1 | Essentially 0% in immunocompetent; rare fatal dissemination in neonates/immunocompromised | Caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), occasionally HSV-2; virus establishes lifelong latency in trigeminal ganglion; triggers include stress, UV exposure, fever, immunosuppression, menstruation |
| 14 | 14 | Common cold | Disease | Multiple: Picornaviridae (Rhinovirus — ~50-80% of cases), Coronaviridae (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1), Adenoviridae, Parainfluenza, RSV, Enterovirus, Human metapneumovirus | Respiratory droplets; aerosol; direct contact with contaminated surfaces; hand-to-face inoculation (nose, eyes); highly contagious | Upper respiratory tract | Rhinorrhoea (nasal discharge); nasal congestion; sneezing; sore throat; cough; mild headache; malaise; low-grade fever (uncommon in adults, more frequent in children); typically self-limiting (7-10 days); complications: sinusitis, otitis media, asthma exacerbation | 1-3 days | Usually clinical diagnosis (no testing required); multiplex RT-PCR (research/hospital settings); rapid viral antigen tests; rhinovirus-specific PCR rarely performed | Supportive care only; analgesics/antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen); decongestants (pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline — short-term); antihistamines (first-generation — dry secretions); honey for cough (>1 year); zinc lozenges (some evidence for shortened duration); NO antibiotics; NO antivirals | Hand hygiene (most effective measure); avoid touching face; respiratory etiquette; avoid close contact with infected persons; no vaccine (>100 rhinovirus serotypes makes vaccine development impractical); vitamin C and zinc supplementation (minimal/debated prophylactic benefit) | Worldwide; ubiquitous; adults average 2-3 colds/year; children average 6-8 colds/year; seasonal peaks in autumn and spring (rhinovirus), winter (coronavirus) | Essentially 0% in immunocompetent; extremely rare complications in immunocompromised | Most frequent human infectious disease; adults lose ~150 million workdays/year in the US alone; >200 viruses can cause common cold; rhinovirus has >100 serotypes (making vaccine development nearly impossible); economic burden estimated at $40 billion/year (US); zinc within 24h of symptom onset may reduce duration by ~1 day; antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately for ~50% of colds (contributes to antimicrobial resistance) |
| 15 | 15 | COVID-19 | Disease | Coronaviridae (Betacoronavirus — SARS-CoV-2) | Airborne (respiratory aerosols and droplets); direct contact; fomites (minor role); vertical transmission rare | Respiratory system; cardiovascular; neurological; gastrointestinal; multi-organ | Fever; cough; fatigue; dyspnoea; anosmia/ageusia; myalgia; headache; sore throat; diarrhoea; severe: pneumonia, ARDS, cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, thromboembolic events; long COVID in 10-30% of survivors | 2-14 days (average 5 days for original strain; 3 days for Omicron) | RT-PCR (nasopharyngeal swab — gold standard); rapid antigen test; chest CT (ground-glass opacities); serology (anti-spike, anti-nucleocapsid); whole genome sequencing for variant identification | Supportive care; dexamethasone (hospitalised, oxygen-requiring); remdesivir; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid); tocilizumab/baricitinib (severe); supplemental oxygen; prone positioning; mechanical ventilation; ECMO in refractory cases | Vaccination (mRNA: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna; viral vector: AstraZeneca, J&J; protein subunit: Novavax; inactivated: Sinovac, Sinopharm); masks; ventilation; hand hygiene; social distancing; updated boosters for circulating variants | Worldwide pandemic (declared March 2020); every country affected; >770 million confirmed cases and >7 million reported deaths (WHO, as of 2024) | IFR ~0.5-1% overall (pre-vaccination); much higher in elderly (>10% in >80 age group); dramatically reduced by vaccination and natural immunity; Omicron variants less severe than Delta | Caused by SARS-CoV-2; declared pandemic by WHO 11 March 2020; fastest vaccine development in history (mRNA vaccines authorised December 2020); multiple variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron); long COVID/PASC affects millions; WHO declared end of PHEIC May 2023; transformed global public health infrastructure |
| 16 | 16 | Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever | Disease | Nairoviridae (Orthonairovirus) | Tick bite (Hyalomma ticks — principal vector); contact with blood/tissues of viraemic livestock during/after slaughter; nosocomial (person-to-person via body fluids) | Vascular system; liver; multi-organ | Sudden onset fever; headache; myalgia; dizziness; photophobia; abdominal pain; nausea/vomiting; petechiae; ecchymoses; epistaxis; gingival bleeding; haematemesis; melaena; hepatomegaly; disseminated intravascular coagulation; multi-organ failure | 1-3 days, up to 9 days (tick bite); 5-6 days (blood/tissue contact); maximum 13 days | RT-PCR (first 5 days); serology (IgM/IgG ELISA after day 7); virus isolation (BSL-4); antigen detection (ELISA); thrombocytopaenia and elevated AST/ALT on labs | Ribavirin (WHO-recommended; oral or IV); supportive intensive care; blood product replacement (platelets, FFP); no approved specific antiviral; favipiravir (investigational) | Tick avoidance (protective clothing, repellent, regular tick checks); acaricide treatment of livestock; strict infection control in healthcare (barrier nursing, PPE); inactivated vaccine available in Bulgaria (limited use) | Endemic across wide geographic belt: Balkans, Middle East, Central Asia, South/West Asia, Africa; expanding range into Western Europe (Spain — confirmed autochthonous cases since 2016) | ~3-30% (varies by outbreak; average ~10-40%); higher in nosocomial outbreaks | Named after Crimea (1944 outbreak) and Congo (1956 virus isolation); widest geographic distribution of any tick-borne virus causing disease in humans; WHO priority pathogen; expanding range due to climate change and tick migration; occupational risk for farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians, healthcare workers |
| 17 | 17 | Cytomegalovirus | Virus | Herpesviridae (Betaherpesvirinae) | Body fluids (saliva, urine, blood, breast milk, semen, cervical secretions); vertical (transplacental, perinatal); organ transplantation; blood transfusion | Multi-organ (eyes, lungs, GI tract, liver, CNS); immune system | Often asymptomatic in immunocompetent; mononucleosis-like syndrome (fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy); in immunocompromised: retinitis, colitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, hepatitis; congenital: hearing loss, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, petechiae, developmental delay | 4-12 weeks | PCR (blood, urine, CSF); pp65 antigenaemia; serology (IgM/IgG); viral culture; histopathology (owl's eye inclusions) | Ganciclovir (IV); valganciclovir (oral); foscarnet; cidofovir; letermovir (prophylaxis in transplant); maribavir (refractory/resistant CMV) | Hand hygiene; CMV-negative or leukoreduced blood products; letermovir prophylaxis in transplant; universal screening in pregnancy debated | Worldwide; seroprevalence 50-100% depending on region and socioeconomic factors | Low in immunocompetent; significant in immunocompromised (transplant, HIV/AIDS); congenital CMV: ~5-10% mortality in symptomatic neonates | Largest human herpesvirus (~236 kb genome); leading cause of congenital viral infection worldwide; establishes lifelong latency in myeloid progenitor cells; species-specific (human CMV = HHV-5) |
| 18 | 18 | Dengue fever | Disease | Flaviviridae (Flavivirus) | Mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti — primary; Aedes albopictus — secondary); rarely vertical or blood transfusion | Vascular system; immune system; liver | High fever (40°C); severe headache; retro-orbital pain; myalgia; arthralgia; maculopapular rash; nausea/vomiting; leucopaenia; thrombocytopaenia; severe dengue: plasma leakage, haemorrhage, shock (dengue shock syndrome), organ failure | 4-10 days (average 5-7 days) | NS1 antigen test (first 5 days); RT-PCR; serology (IgM/IgG ELISA — after day 5); full blood count (haemoconcentration, thrombocytopaenia); dengue serotype identification | Supportive care (fluid management is critical); paracetamol for fever (avoid NSAIDs/aspirin — bleeding risk); IV fluids for plasma leakage; platelet transfusion for severe bleeding; no approved antiviral | Mosquito control; personal protection; Dengvaxia vaccine (Sanofi — for seropositive individuals only, age 9-45); Qdenga/TAK-003 (Takeda — broader use, approved in multiple countries); eliminate standing water breeding sites | Tropics and subtropics worldwide; ~100-400 million infections/year; 128 countries endemic; most common in Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, Americas; expanding to southern Europe | ~1% overall with treatment; ~2.5% untreated severe dengue; severe dengue mortality up to 20-50% without treatment, <1% with proper management | Four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4); infection with one serotype provides lifelong immunity to that serotype but increases risk of severe dengue upon subsequent infection with different serotype (antibody-dependent enhancement); most common mosquito-borne viral disease globally; ~390 million infections/year (96 million symptomatic); WHO declared dengue one of top 10 threats to global health |
| 19 | 19 | Dobrava-Belgrade virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta; primary hosts: yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) | Kidneys; vascular system | Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS): fever; headache; myalgia; abdominal/back pain; haemorrhagic manifestations; oliguria; renal failure; hypotension; blurred vision | 2-4 weeks | Serology (IgM/IgG ELISA); RT-PCR; immunofluorescence | Supportive care; fluid management; dialysis in severe renal failure; ribavirin (investigational) | Rodent control; avoid contact with rodent excreta; proper ventilation and PPE when cleaning rodent-infested areas | Southeastern Europe (Balkans: Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Greece, Bosnia); Central Europe | ~5-12% (severe HFRS); varies by genotype (Dobrava genotype more severe than Kurkino genotype) | Most pathogenic European hantavirus; named after Dobrava village (Slovenia) and Belgrade (Serbia); multiple genotypes with varying severity; Dobrava genotype causes most severe disease among European hantaviruses |
| 20 | 20 | Ebola virus disease | Disease | Filoviridae (Ebolavirus) | Direct contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected persons or animals; contact with contaminated surfaces/fomites; bushmeat handling; nosocomial; sexual transmission (virus persists in semen for months) | Vascular system; liver; immune system; multi-organ | Sudden onset fever; fatigue; headache; myalgia; sore throat; diarrhoea; vomiting; abdominal pain; unexplained haemorrhage (bleeding gums, petechiae, bloody stool); maculopapular rash; multi-organ failure; hypovolaemic shock | 2-21 days (average 8-10 days) | RT-PCR (blood — gold standard after symptom onset); rapid antigen test (OraQuick); serology (IgM/IgG ELISA); virus isolation (BSL-4 only) | Supportive intensive care (IV fluids, electrolyte correction); Inmazeb (atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab — FDA-approved 2020, monoclonal antibody cocktail); Ebanga (ansuvimab — FDA-approved 2020); management of secondary infections; blood product replacement | Ervebo vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV, Merck — FDA-approved 2019, single dose, >97% efficacy against Zaire ebolavirus); Zabdeno/Mvabea (J&J — 2-dose regimen); strict infection control (PPE, barrier nursing, safe burial practices); contact tracing; community engagement | Central and West Africa: DRC (most outbreaks), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, Sudan, Gabon, Republic of Congo | Average ~50% (range 25-90% depending on outbreak and species); Zaire ebolavirus highest (~60-90%); Reston ebolavirus non-pathogenic to humans | Six known Ebolavirus species; Zaire ebolavirus most lethal; 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak was largest (28,616 cases, 11,310 deaths); natural reservoir suspected to be fruit bats; first identified 1976 near Ebola River, DRC; first FDA-approved vaccine (Ervebo) and treatments (Inmazeb, Ebanga) represent major advances |
| 21 | 21 | El Moro Canyon virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Presumed inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) | Presumed lungs; vascular system | No confirmed human disease; potentially hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) if pathogenic | Unknown (no human cases) | RT-PCR; sequencing; serology | Supportive care (if human disease occurs) | Rodent control; avoid rodent excreta contact | Western United States; Mexico | Unknown (no confirmed human cases) | Named after El Moro Canyon in southeastern Colorado; identified in Reithrodontomys megalotis; not known to cause human disease; important in hantavirus phylogenetics |
| 22 | 22 | Epstein–Barr virus | Virus | Herpesviridae (Gammaherpesvirinae) | Saliva ("kissing disease"); blood transfusion; organ transplantation; sexual contact; vertical transmission rare | Immune system (B lymphocytes); liver; spleen; CNS; nasopharynx | Infectious mononucleosis: fever, pharyngitis, cervical lymphadenopathy, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly; also: oral hairy leukoplakia; post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder; chronic active EBV infection | 4-6 weeks (adolescents/adults); 1-2 weeks (children) | Heterophile antibody test (Monospot); EBV-specific serology (VCA IgM/IgG, EBNA, EA); PCR (blood); peripheral blood smear (atypical lymphocytes) | Supportive care (rest, fluids, analgesics); avoid contact sports (splenic rupture risk); corticosteroids for airway obstruction or severe complications; rituximab for EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorders | No vaccine available; avoid sharing drinks/utensils during active infection; monitor transplant recipients for EBV reactivation | Worldwide; >90% of adults seropositive globally | Very low (<0.1%); rare fatalities from splenic rupture, encephalitis, or haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | Also known as HHV-4; discovered in 1964 by Epstein, Achong, and Barr; associated with multiple cancers: Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, gastric carcinoma; strongly linked to multiple sclerosis risk; infects ~95% of world population |
| 23 | 23 | Fifth disease | Disease | Parvoviridae (Erythroparvovirus) | Respiratory droplets; blood/blood products; vertical (transplacental) | Skin; bone marrow; joints | "Slapped cheek" facial rash; lace-like reticular rash on trunk/extremities; low-grade fever; malaise; arthralgia (adults); aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease; hydrops fetalis in fetal infection | 4-14 days (up to 21 days) | Serology (parvovirus B19 IgM/IgG); PCR (blood); reticulocyte count (aplastic crisis) | Supportive care; NSAIDs for arthralgia; IV immunoglobulin for chronic infection in immunocompromised; intrauterine transfusion for hydrops fetalis | Hand hygiene; respiratory precautions; no vaccine available; infected persons are no longer contagious once rash appears | Worldwide; outbreaks common in late winter/early spring | Very low in immunocompetent; risk of fetal death (hydrops fetalis) ~2-6% if maternal infection in pregnancy | Caused by parvovirus B19; fifth of the six classical childhood exanthems; named fifth disease because it was the fifth rash illness described in children; virus has tropism for erythroid progenitor cells (P antigen/globoside receptor) |
| 24 | 24 | Flexal virus | Virus | Arenaviridae (Mammarenavirus) | Contact with infected rodent excreta (Oryzomys species); laboratory exposure; aerosol inhalation | Multi-organ; CNS (in laboratory-acquired infections) | Fever; headache; myalgia; febrile illness (documented in laboratory-acquired infections); details limited due to few human cases | 7-14 days (estimated from laboratory case) | RT-PCR; virus isolation (BSL-4); serology | Supportive care; ribavirin (may be considered for arenavirus infections) | Laboratory biosafety precautions (BSL-4); rodent control; avoid contact with rodent excreta | Brazil (Pará state) | Low in limited known cases (one laboratory-acquired case survived with sequelae) | New World arenavirus; at least two laboratory-acquired infections documented (febrile illness, non-fatal); natural reservoir: Oryzomys spp. in Brazil; classified as BSL-4 agent |
| 25 | 25 | Gou virus | Virus | Hantaviridae (Bunyavirales) | Presumed inhalation of aerosolised rodent excreta from Rattus rattus (black rat) | Unknown (no confirmed human disease) | Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS): fever; headache; myalgia; renal impairment; haemorrhagic manifestations | Unknown | RT-PCR; sequencing; serology | Supportive care (if human disease occurs) | Rodent control; avoid rodent excreta contact | China (Zhejiang province, Longquan area) | HFRS mortality ~1-5% | Identified in Rattus rattus in Zhejiang, China; now recognised as a major cause of HFRS in the Longquan area via rodent-to-human spillover; named after collection locality |
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