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Sports Injuries Dataset – Common Athletic Injuries & Conditions
Sports Injuries Dataset
The Sports Injuries Dataset is a structured database containing information about common injuries that occur during sports and physical activities.
Sports injuries can affect muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, and joints, and they are frequently studied in sports medicine, physiotherapy, and athletic training.
This dataset provides organised information about different types of sports injuries, including the body areas affected, common symptoms, and typical treatment approaches.
The dataset has been cleaned and structured for easy integration into spreadsheets, databases, and analytical tools.
It is suitable for sports scientists, physiotherapists, healthcare researchers, fitness developers, and data scientists who need structured sports injury data for analysis, education, or application development.
Dataset Contents
The dataset includes fields such as:
- Injury Name
- Injury Category (Muscle, Ligament, Tendon, Bone, Joint)
- Affected Body Part
- Common Symptoms
- Severity Level
- Typical Causes
- Treatment Approach
- Recovery Time (Approx.)
Example Injuries Included
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
- Hamstring Strain
- Tennis Elbow
- Golfer’s Elbow
- Rotator Cuff Injury
- Shin Splints
- Achilles Tendon Rupture
- Stress Fracture
- Groin Strain
- Meniscus Tear
...and many other sports-related injuries.
Data Preview
19 columns
25 rows shown
| Injury Name | Body Region | Structure Affected | Injury Category | Acute / Chronic | Prevalence | Incidence Rate | Mechanism of Injury | Symptoms | Severity Grading | Management (Conservative) | Management (Surgical) | Return to Sport | Re-Injury Rate | Long-Term Complications | High-Risk Sports | Risk Factors | Prevention Strategies | Source / Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ankle Sprain (Lateral) | Ankle | Ligament (ATFL, CFL, PTFL) | Sprain | Acute | 25-30% of all sports injuries | 0.5-1.0 per 1,000 A-E | Inversion or eversion of the ankle; landing awkwardly on an uneven surface or on another player's foot | Sudden pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty bearing weight, instability | Grade I: Mild stretch, minimal swelling Grade II: Partial tear, moderate swelling Grade III: Complete tear, severe swelling | RICE; bracing/taping; physical therapy focusing on proprioception and peroneal strengthening | Rarely needed; Brostrom repair or ligament reconstruction for chronic instability | Grade I: 1-2 wk Grade II: 3-6 wk Grade III: 6-12 wk | 20-40% within 1-2 years | Chronic ankle instability (up to 40%); recurrent sprains; early osteoarthritis | Basketball, Volleyball, Soccer, Trail Running, Tennis | Previous ankle sprain; poor proprioception; inadequate warm-up | Proprioceptive training; ankle braces/taping; neuromuscular warm-up | Hootman et al. (2007); Doherty et al. (2017) |
| 2 | ACL Tear | Knee | Ligament (Anterior Cruciate) | Sprain / Tear | Acute | 5-10% of knee injuries | 0.2-0.4 per 1,000 A-E | Non-contact pivoting, sudden deceleration, change of direction with planted foot; direct blow; landing with knee in valgus | Audible 'pop'; immediate swelling; knee instability or 'giving way'; pain and limited ROM | Complete or partial tear; often combined with meniscus/MCL ('unhappy triad') | Physical therapy (neuromuscular training, quad/hamstring strengthening); functional bracing; activity modification | ACL reconstruction (hamstring, patellar tendon, or quad tendon autograft); 6-12 month rehab | Surgical: 6-12 mo Non-surgical: 3-6 mo | 15-30% (ipsilateral or contralateral within 5 yr) | Post-traumatic OA (50-80% at 10-15 yr); meniscal degeneration; reduced long-term activity | Soccer, Basketball, Skiing, American Football, Handball | Female sex (2-8x higher); neuromuscular imbalances; narrow intercondylar notch; family history | FIFA 11+; plyometric/proprioceptive training; hamstring strengthening; landing technique coaching | Hootman et al. (2007); Ardern et al. (2014); Wiggins et al. (2016) |
| 3 | Meniscal Tear | Knee | Cartilage (Meniscus) | Cartilage Injury | Both | 10-20% of knee injuries | 0.33-0.7 per 1,000 A-E | Twisting/pivoting on loaded, flexed knee; deep squatting; degenerative wear; often concurrent with ACL injury | Joint line tenderness; locking or catching; delayed swelling; difficulty fully extending knee; positive McMurray | Red-red zone (vascular, healable) Red-white (partial) White-white (avascular, poor healing) | Rest, activity modification, anti-inflammatories; PT (quad strengthening, ROM exercises) | Arthroscopic meniscectomy; meniscal repair (suturing); meniscal transplant (rare) | Meniscectomy: 4-8 wk Repair: 3-6 mo | 15-25% (same knee) | Progressive OA (especially after meniscectomy); reduced shock absorption; chronic pain | Soccer, Basketball, American Football, Rugby, Skiing | ACL deficiency; age-related degeneration; high BMI; deep squatting; prior knee injury | Neuromuscular training; ACL injury prevention; proper squatting mechanics | Hootman et al. (2007); Lohmander et al. (2007) |
| 4 | Hamstring Strain | Thigh (Posterior) | Muscle / Musculotendinous Junction | Strain | Acute | ~10% of all sports injuries; 9.4x higher in matches | 0.5-3.0 per 1,000 A-E | Eccentric overload during high-speed running (late swing phase); overstretching during kicking; sudden acceleration | Sudden sharp pain in back of thigh; bruising; difficulty walking/running; point tenderness; palpable defect in severe tears | Grade I: Mild (<5% fibres) Grade II: Moderate partial (5-50%) Grade III: Complete rupture (>50%) | RICE; progressive eccentric strengthening (Nordic exercises); activity modification; PRP (debated) | Surgical repair for complete proximal avulsions or high-grade tears with retraction | Grade I: 1-3 wk Grade II: 3-8 wk Grade III: 3-6 mo | 13.9-63.3% within 2 yr (highest re-injury rate) | Chronic issues; reduced sprint performance; scar tissue limiting flexibility | Track & Field, Soccer, Australian Rules Football, Rugby, American Football | Previous hamstring injury; age >25; hamstring weakness; quad dominance; poor lumbopelvic control | Nordic hamstring exercises; progressive eccentric training; proper warm-up; H:Q strength ratio | Maniar et al. (2023); de Visser et al. (2012); Opar et al. (2012) |
| 5 | Achilles Tendinopathy | Ankle / Lower Leg | Tendon (Achilles) | Tendinopathy | Chronic | 5-10% of running injuries; up to 42% in individual sports | ~2.0 per 1,000 in runners | Repetitive overuse (running/jumping); sudden training load increase; surface change; tendon degeneration | Gradual pain and stiffness at back of heel (morning/after rest); thickened tendon; worsens with activity | Insertional vs midportion; reactive → disrepair → degenerative (Cook & Purdam continuum) | Eccentric loading (Alfredson protocol); load management; orthotics/heel lifts; shockwave therapy | Rarely needed (<5%); debridement or repair; Haglund's excision for insertional type | Conservative: 4-12 wk (often 3-6 mo) Surgical: 4-6 mo | 27% (conservative) | Tendon rupture if untreated; chronic pain; bilateral involvement (30%) | Running, Basketball, Tennis, Volleyball, Soccer | Sudden training increases; poor calf flexibility; age >30; male sex; obesity; fluoroquinolone use | Gradual load progression (10% rule); calf strengthening; appropriate footwear | Aicale et al. (2018); Cook & Purdam (2009) |
| 6 | Achilles Tendon Rupture | Ankle / Lower Leg | Tendon (Achilles) | Tendon Rupture | Acute | 18 per 100,000 person-years | Higher in males aged 30-50 | Sudden forceful push-off; forced dorsiflexion of plantarflexed foot; direct trauma (rare); often preceded by tendinopathy | Sudden 'snap' or feeling of being kicked; inability to push off/stand on toes; palpable gap; positive Thompson test | Complete or partial rupture | Functional rehab with early controlled motion in walking boot; accelerated rehab protocols | Open or percutaneous repair; augmented repair for chronic ruptures; graduated weight-bearing | Surgical: 4-6 mo Non-surgical: 4-6 mo | 2-6% (surgical) 8-12% (non-surgical) | Persistent calf weakness (10-20%); reduced push-off power; tendon lengthening | Basketball, Soccer, Tennis, Squash, Badminton | Male sex; age 30-50; weekend warrior pattern; prior tendinopathy; fluoroquinolone/corticosteroid use | Address tendinopathy early; eccentric calf exercises; avoid sudden explosive increases | Maffulli et al. (2015); Ochen et al. (2019) |
| 7 | Rotator Cuff Injury | Shoulder | Tendon/Muscle (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis) | Tendinopathy / Tear | Both | 18-40% in overhead sports | Swimmers: 40-91% report shoulder pain | Repetitive overhead motions causing microtrauma/impingement; acute trauma (fall on outstretched hand); age-related degeneration | Pain with overhead movements or at night; weakness in rotation/abduction; painful arc (60-120°); positive Neer/Hawkins/Empty Can | Tendinitis → partial tear → full thickness → massive tear (>5 cm or 2+ tendons) | Activity modification; PT (scapular stabilisation, cuff strengthening, posterior capsule stretching); corticosteroid (limited) | Arthroscopic/open repair for full-thickness tears; subacromial decompression; superior capsule reconstruction | Conservative: 4-12 wk Surgical: 4-6 mo (9-12 mo for overhead sport) | 7.7% (tears); 20-30% structural failure on MRI (often asymptomatic) | Cuff arthropathy; glenohumeral OA; frozen shoulder; chronic pain | Swimming, Baseball/Cricket, Tennis, Volleyball, Water Polo | Overhead sport; age >40; dominant arm; poor scapular kinematics; muscular imbalance | Scapular stabilisation; rotator cuff strengthening; balanced training; pitch/throw counts | Tooth et al. (2020); Klouche et al. (2015); Cools et al. (2015) |
| 8 | Shoulder Impingement | Shoulder | Bursa / Rotator Cuff Tendons | Impingement | Chronic | 44-65% of all shoulder pain presentations | Common in swimmers/overhead athletes | Repetitive overhead motions compress supraspinatus tendon and subacromial bursa; poor scapular mechanics; postural issues | Pain with overhead reaching; painful arc (60-120°); night pain; weakness; positive Neer/Hawkins tests | Stage I: Oedema (age <25) Stage II: Fibrosis/tendinitis (25-40) Stage III: Spurs/tears (>40) — Neer | Activity modification; scapular stabilisation and cuff strengthening; postural correction; corticosteroid (short-term) | Arthroscopic subacromial decompression if conservative fails after 3-6 months | Conservative: 6-12 wk Surgical: 3-6 mo | Often recurrent if biomechanics not corrected | Progression to rotator cuff tear; chronic pain; shoulder stiffness; bursitis | Swimming, Tennis, Baseball, Volleyball, CrossFit/Weightlifting | Overhead repetitive motion; poor posture; scapular dyskinesis; hooked acromion | Scapular stabilisation; thoracic mobility; balanced strengthening; proper technique | Michener et al. (2003); Neer (1972) |
| 9 | Shoulder Dislocation | Shoulder | Labrum / Glenohumeral Ligaments / Capsule | Dislocation | Acute | 1.7% incidence in contact sports | 0.08-0.24 per 1,000 A-E | Anterior (95%): forced abduction/external rotation or direct blow; posterior: fall onto flexed arm; multi-directional from microtrauma | Immediate severe pain; arm held externally rotated; visible deformity; apprehension; numbness (axillary nerve) | First-time vs recurrent; Bankart lesion (labral tear); Hill-Sachs lesion (humeral head defect); SLAP tear | Closed reduction; immobilisation; PT (dynamic stabilisation, proprioception) | Arthroscopic Bankart repair; Latarjet procedure for bone loss; capsular shift for multi-directional | Conservative: 3-4 mo Surgical: 4-6 mo | Age <20: 70-90% recurrence Post-Bankart: 5-15% | Recurrent instability; labral degeneration; glenohumeral arthritis | Rugby, American Football, Ice Hockey, Martial Arts, Skiing | Age <20 at first dislocation; male sex; contact sports; ligamentous laxity | Shoulder strengthening; proprioception; protective equipment; early surgical consideration in young athletes | Hovelius et al. (2008); Owens et al. (2009) |
| 10 | Tennis Elbow | Elbow | Tendon (Common Extensor Origin — ECRB) | Tendinopathy | Chronic | 1-3% of general population; up to 50% of tennis players | 4-7 per 1,000 per year | Repetitive wrist extension and gripping; microtrauma to ECRB at lateral epicondyle; poor racket technique | Lateral elbow pain and tenderness; pain with gripping and wrist extension; weakened grip strength | Acute inflammatory → tendinosis (degenerative) — histologically not true 'tendinitis' | Activity modification; counterforce brace; eccentric wrist exercises; corticosteroid (short-term only); shockwave | Rarely needed (<10%); debridement of ECRB tissue; PRP (evidence mixed) | Conservative: 6-12 mo (80-90% resolve) Surgical: 3-6 mo | 8.5% recurrence; 54% re-emerge post-corticosteroid | Chronic pain; grip weakness; nerve entrapment (rare) | Tennis, Squash, Badminton, Golf, Weightlifting, Rock Climbing | Age 35-55; repetitive gripping; tool use; heavy racket; poor technique | Proper racket size/tension; technique coaching; forearm strengthening; ergonomic tools | Coombes et al. (2010); Bisset et al. (2006) |
| 11 | Golfer's Elbow | Elbow | Tendon (Common Flexor Origin) | Tendinopathy | Chronic | 0.4% of general population | ~1 per 1,000 per year | Repetitive wrist flexion and pronation; valgus stress; forceful gripping | Medial elbow pain; pain with resisted wrist flexion; may radiate to forearm; ulnar nerve symptoms in 50% | Similar continuum to lateral epicondylitis; often co-exists with ulnar nerve irritation | Activity modification; counterforce brace; eccentric wrist flexion exercises; ulnar nerve gliding | Debridement of degenerated tissue; ulnar nerve transposition if neuropathy | Conservative: 6-12 mo Surgical: 3-6 mo | Variable; lower than lateral epicondylitis | Chronic pain; ulnar neuropathy; grip weakness | Golf, Throwing Sports, Rock Climbing, Weightlifting, Racket Sports | Age 40-60; repetitive gripping/flexion; throwing athletes; manual labour | Proper technique; forearm strengthening; adequate warm-up; load management | Amin et al. (2015) |
| 12 | UCL Injury (Tommy John) | Elbow | Ligament (Ulnar Collateral — anterior bundle) | Sprain / Tear | Both | 25% of professional baseball pitchers | ~1.0 per 1,000 A-E in pitchers | Repetitive valgus stress from overhead throwing; single traumatic event; accumulated microtrauma | Medial elbow pain during throwing (late cocking/acceleration phase); decreased velocity; ulnar nerve tingling | Partial vs complete tear; chronic attenuation vs acute rupture | Rest from throwing (6-12 wk); PRP; progressive throwing programme; PT | Tommy John surgery (UCL reconstruction); internal brace augmentation | Conservative: 3-6 mo Surgical: 12-18 mo | 3-5% post-surgical; higher conservative | Chronic instability; ulnar neuropathy; reduced career longevity; OA | Baseball (pitching), Javelin, Tennis, American Football (QB) | High pitch counts; poor mechanics; throwing at young age; year-round throwing; fatigue | Pitch counts and rest days; proper mechanics; rest periods; arm care programmes | Erickson et al. (2015); Dines et al. (2012) |
| 13 | Runner's Knee (PFPS) | Knee | Patella / Patellofemoral Joint | Overuse | Chronic | 25-40% of knee injuries in sports clinics | 2-10 per 1,000 in runners | Patellar maltracking (weak VMO, tight lateral structures); repetitive loading; hill running, stairs, prolonged sitting | Anterior knee pain (around/behind kneecap); worsens with stairs, squatting, sitting ('theatre sign'); crepitus | No standard grading; classified by symptom severity and functional limitation | Quad strengthening (VMO); hip abductor/external rotator strengthening; patellar taping (McConnell); orthotics | Rarely needed; arthroscopic lateral release (controversial); tibial tubercle osteotomy | 4-12 wk (often chronic) | ~50% still symptomatic after 5-8 yr | Chronic anterior knee pain; patellofemoral OA; reduced activity | Running, Cycling, Basketball, Volleyball, Skiing | Weak quads (VMO); weak hip abductors; overpronation; increased Q-angle | Quad and hip strengthening; proper footwear; gradual training; cross-training | Crossley et al. (2016); Witvrouw et al. (2005) |
| 14 | Patellar Tendinopathy | Knee | Tendon (Patellar Tendon) | Tendinopathy | Chronic | 14-20% in elite jumpers; up to 45% in volleyball | Variable by sport | Repetitive jumping/landing; eccentric overload at inferior pole of patella | Pain at inferior pole of patella; worse with jumping, squatting, going downstairs; stiffness after sitting | Stage 1: Pain after activity Stage 2: Pain during (no impact) Stage 3: Pain limiting performance Stage 4: Rupture (rare) | Eccentric decline squats; isometric exercises; load management; shockwave therapy; PRP (mixed) | Arthroscopic debridement; excision of degenerated tissue (refractory after 6+ mo) | Conservative: 3-6 mo Surgical: 6-12 mo | 27-30% recurrence | Chronic pain; tendon rupture (rare); bilateral involvement | Volleyball, Basketball, High Jump, Long Jump, Soccer | Jumping volume; landing biomechanics; quad stiffness; male sex; hard courts | Graduated jump training; eccentric strengthening; monitor jump loads; rest between sessions | Lian et al. (2005); Malliaras et al. (2015) |
| 15 | Groin / Adductor Strain | Hip / Groin | Muscle (Adductor Longus primarily) | Strain | Both | 10-18% of all soccer injuries | 0.5-1.5 per 1,000 A-E | Sudden lateral movement, change of direction, kicking; forceful hip abduction; overstriding; inadequate warm-up | Sharp pain in inner thigh/groin; pain with adduction against resistance; tenderness along adductor muscles | Grade I: Mild Grade II: Moderate partial tear Grade III: Complete tear or avulsion | RICE; adductor strengthening (Copenhagen exercise); core stability; progressive return protocol | Rarely needed; repair for complete avulsions from pubic bone | Grade I: 1-3 wk Grade II: 4-8 wk Grade III: 8-12 wk | 18-24% recurrence | Chronic groin pain; osteitis pubis; sports hernia (athletic pubalgia) | Soccer, Ice Hockey, Aus. Rules Football, American Football, Fencing | Previous groin injury; weak adductors; adductor:abductor imbalance; reduced hip ROM | Copenhagen adductor exercises (10-week programme); adequate warm-up; sport-specific conditioning | Holmich et al. (1999); Esteve et al. (2015) |
| 16 | Shin Splints (MTSS) | Lower Leg | Periosteum / Tibia / Muscles | Overuse | Chronic | 13-17% of running injuries; up to 35% in military recruits | Very common in novice runners | Repetitive impact on tibia; periosteal inflammation; sudden training increase; hard surfaces | Diffuse pain along medial tibia (lower 2/3); pain at start of exercise; tenderness on palpation | Mild (pain at start) to severe (pain at rest); differentiate from stress fracture (focal vs diffuse) | Relative rest (cross-train); ice; gradual return; calf stretching/strengthening; orthotics; gait retraining | Very rarely needed; fasciotomy for compartment syndrome (different diagnosis) | 2-6 wk (often 6-12 wk full resolution) | High if training errors persist | Progression to stress fracture; chronic pain; altered biomechanics | Running, Military Training, Dancing, Basketball, Tennis | Training volume spike (>10%/wk); hard surfaces; overpronation; worn footwear; female sex; low BMD | Gradual progression (10% rule); proper footwear; shock-absorbing insoles; calf strengthening | Reinking et al. (2017); Winters et al. (2013) |
| 17 | Stress Fracture | Varies (Tibia, Metatarsals, Femoral Neck, Navicular) | Bone | Fracture | Chronic | 10-31% in runners; up to 20% of sports medicine visits | Variable by sport | Repetitive submaximal loading exceeding remodelling capacity; sudden training increase; forces 2-3x body weight in running | Insidious localised bone pain; worsens with weight-bearing; relieved by rest; point tenderness; may not show on X-ray (MRI gold standard) | Low-risk: tibial shaft, met 2-4 (heal well) High-risk: femoral neck, navicular, 5th met (may need surgery) | Protected weight-bearing; non-impact cross-training; calcium/vitamin D; bone stimulator (limited); address risk factors | Intramedullary nailing; screw fixation (navicular, 5th met); pinning (femoral neck) — for high-risk or failed conservative | Low-risk: 4-8 wk High-risk: 8-16 wk Surgical: 3-6 mo | 10-12% (same site within 1-2 yr) | Complete fracture; delayed/non-union; chronic pain; avascular necrosis (femoral neck) | Running, Track & Field, Gymnastics, Basketball, Military, Dance | RED-S / female athlete triad; low bone density; menstrual irregularity; calcium/vit D deficiency; hard surfaces | Gradual training; adequate calories; calcium (1500mg) + vitamin D (800-1000IU); address menstrual issues | Nattiv et al. (2013); Warden et al. (2014) |
| 18 | Quadriceps Contusion | Thigh (Anterior) | Muscle (Quadriceps) | Contusion | Acute | Very common in contact sports | Variable | Direct blow to anterior thigh (knee-to-thigh collision); crush injury of muscle against femur | Immediate pain and swelling; bruising (may appear hours later); reduced knee flexion; limping; palpable lump (severe) | Mild: >90° knee flexion Moderate: 45-90° Severe: <45° within 24 hours | Immediate knee flexion with ice/compression (24h); RICE; progressive ROM; NSAIDs (avoid first 48h) | Rarely needed; aspiration of haematomas; evacuation for myositis ossificans | Mild: 1-2 wk Moderate: 2-4 wk Severe: 4-8 wk | Low if properly managed | Myositis ossificans (risk: premature return, aggressive massage, early heat) | Aus. Rules Football, Rugby, American Football, Soccer, Basketball, Martial Arts | Contact sport; inadequate protective equipment; previous contusion at same site | Thigh padding; proper tackling technique; immediate correct first aid (flexed knee icing) | Beiner & Jokl (2001) |
| 19 | Calf Strain | Lower Leg | Muscle (Gastrocnemius / Soleus) | Strain | Acute | 12% of all muscle injuries in runners | Variable | Sudden push-off or direction change; lunging (tennis); gastrocnemius at MTJ; soleus from sustained running | Sudden sharp calf pain ('shot in the leg'); difficulty walking on toes; swelling/bruising; palpable defect (severe) | Grade I-III; medial gastrocnemius head most common | RICE; compression; progressive calf stretching and eccentric strengthening; heel raise for comfort | Very rarely needed; even complete tears usually heal conservatively | Grade I: 1-2 wk Grade II: 3-6 wk Grade III: 6-12 wk | ~16% recurrence | Chronic tightness; Achilles tendinopathy (compensatory); DVT (important differential) | Tennis, Running, Soccer, Basketball, Squash | Age >35; inadequate warm-up; fatigue; dehydration; previous calf injury | Calf strengthening/flexibility; proper warm-up; adequate hydration; graduated return | Campbell (2009); Green & Pizzari (2017) |
| 20 | Hip Labral Tear | Hip | Labrum (Acetabular) / Cartilage | Labral Tear | Both | 22-55% of athletes with hip/groin pain | Common in ice hockey, soccer, ballet | Repetitive hip flexion with rotation; femoroacetabular impingement (FAI); hip dysplasia; acute pivot/dislocation | Deep anterior hip/groin pain ('C-sign'); clicking, locking, catching; pain with prolonged sitting; positive FADIR test | Anterior (most common) vs posterior; cam vs pincer FAI; chondral damage co-exists | Activity modification; hip joint injections; PT (core stability, hip ROM, muscle balancing); NSAIDs | Hip arthroscopy (labral repair or debridement); FAI correction (osteochondroplasty); labral reconstruction | Conservative: 8-12 wk Surgical: 4-6 mo | ~10% revision rate after arthroscopy | Progressive hip OA; chondral degeneration; chronic groin pain; reduced ROM | Soccer, Ice Hockey, Ballet, Martial Arts, Golf | FAI (strongest association); repetitive hip flexion; hip dysplasia; female sex (dysplasia-related) | Hip strengthening/stability; address FAI early; adequate warm-up; sport-specific conditioning | Reiman et al. (2015); Griffin et al. (2016) |
| 21 | Concussion | Head / Brain | Brain (Functional, not structural) | Mild TBI | Acute | 1.6-3.8 million per year in the US | 0.5-3.0 per 1,000 A-E | Direct blow to head, face, or neck; impulsive force from body contact; fall; collision | Headache; dizziness; confusion; memory problems; nausea; balance problems; light/noise sensitivity; 'feeling in a fog' | No universal grading; assessed by symptom burden, SCAT5 testing, recovery duration | Physical/cognitive rest (24-48h); graduated 6-step return to play; no same-day return; symptom monitoring | Not applicable (unless structural brain injury found on imaging) | Adults: 7-10 days Children: 2-4 wk Prolonged: 15-30% | Previous concussion increases risk 3-6x; each may have longer recovery | Post-concussion syndrome (>4 wk); second impact syndrome (rare, fatal); CTE (long-term, debated) | American Football, Rugby, Ice Hockey, Soccer (heading), Boxing/MMA, Lacrosse | Previous concussion; female sex (longer recovery); younger age; migraine history; ADHD | Rule enforcement; proper technique; helmets/mouthguards; neck strengthening; concussion education | McCrory et al. (2017); Guskiewicz et al. (2003) |
| 22 | Plantar Fasciitis | Foot | Fascia (Plantar Aponeurosis) | Fasciopathy | Chronic | ~10% of runners; 1M physician visits/yr (US) | Common in running/military/occupational | Repetitive microtrauma from running/prolonged standing; degenerative changes at calcaneal insertion; windlass mechanism overload | Sharp heel pain with first morning steps; pain at medial calcaneal tubercle; improves with activity but worsens after prolonged standing | Acute vs chronic (fasciopathy/degeneration, not true inflammation); heel spur may co-exist but is not the cause | Stretching (calf + plantar fascia); arch-supporting orthotics; night splints; corticosteroid (limited); shockwave; taping | Rarely needed (<5%); plantar fasciotomy; gastrocnemius recession (chronic) | Conservative: 6-12 mo (80-90% resolve) Surgical: 3-6 mo | Recurrence common if underlying factors not addressed | Chronic heel pain; fascia rupture (especially after repeat corticosteroid); altered gait | Running, Basketball, Dancing, Military, Occupational (standing) | Tight calves; high/flat arches; obesity; training spikes; hard surfaces; worn footwear; age 40-60 | Calf/plantar fascia stretching; supportive footwear; gradual training; healthy weight; insoles | Martin et al. (2014); Riddle et al. (2003) |
| 23 | MCL Injury | Knee | Ligament (Medial Collateral) | Sprain / Tear | Acute | Most common knee ligament injury (~40%) | 0.2-0.5 per 1,000 A-E | Valgus force (blow to outer knee); twisting injury; often combined with ACL or meniscal injury | Medial knee pain and tenderness; swelling; instability with valgus stress; joint line pain | Grade I: Stretched, stable Grade II: Partial tear, some laxity Grade III: Complete tear, significant instability | RICE; hinged knee brace; PT (VMO and hamstring strengthening); progressive weight-bearing | Rarely needed for isolated MCL (excellent healing); repair for Grade III combined injuries | Grade I: 1-3 wk Grade II: 3-6 wk Grade III: 6-8 wk | Low for isolated injuries | Chronic medial laxity (uncommon); early OA if combined injuries | Soccer, American Football, Rugby, Ice Hockey, Skiing | Contact sport; valgus loading; combined ligament injuries; previous knee injury | Neuromuscular training; proper tackling; protective bracing; knee-specific warm-up | Phisitkul et al. (2006); Miyamoto et al. (2009) |
| 24 | IT Band Syndrome | Knee (Lateral) | Fascia / Iliotibial Band | Overuse | Chronic | 5-14% of running injuries (2nd most common) | Common in endurance runners/cyclists | Repetitive knee flexion-extension causing ITB friction over lateral femoral epicondyle; downhill running; training load increase | Sharp/burning lateral knee pain; worse with running (especially downhill); pain begins after predictable distance/time | No formal grading; early (pain during activity) vs advanced (pain at rest) | Activity modification; foam rolling/ITB stretching; hip abductor strengthening (glute med); gait retraining | Rarely needed; ITB release or Z-lengthening (refractory) | 4-8 wk (often 2-6 mo full resolution) | ~25% recurrence | Chronic lateral knee pain; altered running mechanics; reduced capacity | Running (marathon/ultra), Cycling, Hiking, Military Training | Weak hip abductors; training volume increase; downhill; leg length discrepancy; narrow gait | Hip abductor strengthening; gradual training; avoid excessive downhill; foam rolling; gait analysis | Fredericson & Wolf (2005); van der Worp et al. (2012) |
| 25 | Bursitis | Varies (Knee, Elbow, Hip, Shoulder) | Bursa (Fluid-Filled Sac) | Bursitis | Both | Subacromial: ~30% of shoulder pain cases | Variable by location | Direct trauma (fall on knee/elbow); repetitive pressure (kneeling, leaning); overuse of adjacent tendons; infection (septic) | Localised swelling and tenderness; warmth and redness; pain with movement or pressure; limited ROM; fever if septic | Acute (traumatic/septic) vs chronic (overuse); non-septic vs septic (aspiration and culture) | RICE; activity modification; padding; aspiration for effusions; corticosteroid; antibiotics (septic) | Bursectomy for chronic recurrent cases; drainage for refractory septic bursitis | Acute: 2-6 wk Chronic: longer | Recurrent if causes persist | Chronic bursitis; septic bursitis (if untreated); calcific bursitis | Wrestling, Volleyball (prepatellar), Rowing (ischial), Swimming (subacromial), Running (trochanteric) | Repetitive pressure/friction; gout; rheumatoid arthritis; direct trauma; immunosuppression | Protective padding; proper technique; avoid prolonged pressure; address inflammatory conditions | Khodaee (2017); Aaron et al. (2011) |
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