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Infectious Diseases
An overview of infectious diseases, covering causative organisms, transmission, incubation periods, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination and prevention.
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An overview of infectious diseases, covering causative organisms, transmission, incubation periods, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination and prevention.
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| # | TextID | TextDisease Name | TextPathogen Type | TextCausative Organism | TextClassification | TextTransmission Mode | TextIncubation Period | TextKey Symptoms | TextDiagnosis Methods | TextTreatment | TextVaccine Available | TextGlobal Burden | TextCase Fatality Rate | TextICD-10 Code | TextWHO Notifiable | TextEndemic Regions | TextAt-Risk Populations | TextPrevention Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | 1 | Tuberculosis (TB) | Bacterial | Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex | Acid-fast bacillus (AFB), Mycobacteriaceae | Airborne (droplet nuclei); prolonged close contact | 2-12 weeks (latent: years to decades) | Chronic cough >2 weeks, hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, fever, fatigue; miliary TB (disseminated); extrapulmonary: lymph nodes, bones, meninges, kidneys | Sputum smear (AFB), GeneXpert MTB/RIF (PCR, rapid), culture (Lowenstein-Jensen, MGIT, 2-8 weeks), TST/Mantoux, IGRA (QuantiFERON-TB Gold), chest X-ray, CT | RIPE: Rifampicin + Isoniazid + Pyrazinamide + Ethambutol x 2 months, then Rifampicin + Isoniazid x 4 months. MDR-TB: Bedaquiline + Pretomanid + Linezolid (BPaL). XDR-TB: individualized | Yes — BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin); 70-80% effective against severe childhood TB; variable for pulmonary TB in adults | ~10.8 million new cases and 1.25 million deaths/year (WHO 2024). 2nd leading infectious killer after COVID-19 | 11.5% overall (WHO 2023); MDR-TB: 15-20%; untreated: ~50% | A15-A19 | Yes | Global; highest: India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, DR Congo, South Africa | HIV-positive, malnourished, diabetics, silicosis, immunosuppressed, prisoners, homeless, migrants, healthcare workers, close contacts | BCG vaccination, active case finding, LTBI treatment (isoniazid preventive therapy), infection control (N95, ventilation), contact tracing, DOTS strategy |
| 02 | 2 | Pneumococcal Pneumonia | Bacterial | Streptococcus pneumoniae (>100 serotypes) | Gram-positive diplococcus, lancet-shaped, alpha-hemolytic | Droplet transmission, nasopharyngeal colonization then aspiration | 1-3 days | Sudden onset high fever, rigors, productive cough (rusty sputum), pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea; complications: empyema, meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis | Sputum Gram stain and culture, blood culture (positive ~25%), urinary antigen (BinaxNOW), chest X-ray (lobar consolidation), CBC, CRP/PCT | Amoxicillin 1g TID (outpatient). IV: Ceftriaxone 2g daily or Ampicillin-Sulbactam. Severe: add Macrolide or Fluoroquinolone. PCN-resistant: Vancomycin | Yes — PCV13/PCV15/PCV20 (conjugate), PPSV23 (polysaccharide). PCV20 now preferred for adults ≥65 | ~1.2 million deaths/year globally (leading cause of bacterial pneumonia); ~300,000 pneumococcal deaths in children <5 | 5-7% hospitalized community-acquired; 20-30% bacteremic; 30% meningitis | J13 | No | Worldwide; highest mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia | Children <2, adults ≥65, asplenic, HIV+, chronic lung/heart/liver disease, smokers, alcoholics, immunosuppressed | PCV/PPSV vaccination, smoking cessation, hand hygiene, prompt treatment of respiratory infections |
| 03 | 3 | Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Bacterial | Bordetella pertussis | Gram-negative coccobacillus, strict aerobe | Droplet (highly contagious, R0 12-17); direct contact with respiratory secretions | 7-10 days (range 5-21 days) | Three stages: catarrhal (1-2 weeks: rhinorrhea, mild cough), paroxysmal (2-8 weeks: severe coughing fits with inspiratory whoop, post-tussive vomiting, cyanosis), convalescent (weeks-months). Infants: apnea without whoop | PCR (nasopharyngeal swab, gold standard in first 3 weeks), culture (Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe agar), serology (anti-PT IgG), lymphocytosis | Azithromycin 500mg day 1, then 250mg days 2-5 (first-line). Alternatives: Clarithromycin, TMP-SMX. Most effective if given in catarrhal stage. Supportive: oxygen, suction for infants | Yes — DTaP (children), Tdap (adolescents/adults), aP component; Tdap during pregnancy (27-36 weeks) for passive neonatal protection | ~24 million cases and ~160,000 deaths/year globally; resurgence in vaccinated populations due to waning immunity | <1% in developed countries; 1-4% in developing countries; higher in infants <6 months | A37.0 | Yes | Worldwide; resurgence in US, UK, Australia despite high vaccination coverage | Infants <6 months (highest mortality), unvaccinated children, pregnant women, elderly, healthcare workers | DTaP/Tdap vaccination, maternal Tdap during pregnancy, cocooning strategy, PEP with azithromycin for contacts, isolation of cases |
| 04 | 4 | Diphtheria | Bacterial | Corynebacterium diphtheriae (biotypes: gravis, mitis, intermedius) | Gram-positive rod (club-shaped), non-motile, non-spore-forming | Droplet, direct contact with respiratory secretions or skin lesions; fomites (rare) | 2-5 days (range 1-10 days) | Pharyngeal: sore throat, low-grade fever, grayish-white pseudomembrane (tonsils/pharynx), bull neck (cervical lymphadenopathy), stridor; toxin: myocarditis, peripheral neuropathy, renal failure; cutaneous diphtheria: ulcers | Culture (Loeffler or tellurite agar), Gram stain, Elek test (toxin detection), PCR (tox gene), throat swab. DO NOT wait for results before treating | Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT, equine) — CRITICAL early. Antibiotics: Erythromycin 500mg QID x 14 days or Penicillin G. Supportive: airway management, cardiac monitoring | Yes — DPT/DTaP (children), Td/Tdap (adults); highly effective; toxoid vaccine | ~7,000 cases/year globally (declining); outbreaks in under-vaccinated populations (Yemen, Venezuela, Bangladesh Rohingya camps) | 5-10% overall; 20% in children <5 and adults >40; near 50% if untreated | A36 | Yes | Sub-Saharan Africa, South/Southeast Asia, conflict zones with disrupted immunization | Unvaccinated/under-vaccinated children, refugees, overcrowded populations, travelers to endemic areas | DPT/DTaP/Tdap vaccination (3-dose primary + boosters), prompt case management, contact tracing, PEP with erythromycin + booster |
| 05 | 5 | Legionnaires' Disease | Bacterial | Legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1 most common; >60 species) | Gram-negative rod (poorly stains; requires special media) | Inhalation of contaminated aerosols from water systems (cooling towers, showers, fountains, hot tubs); NOT person-to-person | 2-10 days (average 5-6 days); Pontiac fever: 24-48 hours | High fever (>39.4°C), cough (initially dry then productive), dyspnea, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, confusion, hyponatremia, relative bradycardia; Pontiac fever: self-limiting flu-like illness | Urinary antigen (BinaxNOW, rapid, serogroup 1 only, sensitivity ~70-80%), culture (BCYE agar, gold standard), PCR (respiratory specimens), serology (4-fold rise) | Fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin 750mg daily or Moxifloxacin 400mg daily x 7-14 days (first-line). Alternative: Azithromycin 500mg daily. Severe: combination or longer course | No | ~10,000 cases/year in US; ~12,000 in EU; likely underdiagnosed. Outbreaks linked to water systems | 5-10% community-acquired; 25-30% nosocomial; ~50% immunocompromised | A48.1 | No (reportable in most countries) | Worldwide; more common in temperate climates; associated with artificial water systems | Adults >50, males (3:1), smokers, chronic lung disease, immunosuppressed (corticosteroids, transplant), travelers (hotels, cruise ships) | Water system maintenance (temperature >60°C, chlorination, copper-silver ionization), cooling tower regulations, Legionella risk assessments, hospital water monitoring |
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