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Cardiovascular Diseases

An overview of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, covering causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches and prognosis.

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An overview of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, covering causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches and prognosis.

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139records

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Sample rows from Cardiovascular Diseases. Field types are labelled in each column heading.
#	TextNo.	TextDisease Name	TextCategory	TextPrimary Cause / Etiology	TextPrevalence	TextAge of Onset	TextKey Symptoms	TextAffected Cardiovascular Structure	TextDiagnostic Method	TextTreatment Approach	TextPrognosis	TextICD-10 Code
01	1	Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)	Coronary Artery Diseases	Umbrella term for acute myocardial ischemia; plaque rupture, erosion, or hemorrhage with superimposed thrombosis; encompasses STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina; endothelial disruption activates coagulation cascade	~1.5 million ACS events annually in US; leading cause of emergency cardiac admissions; ~800,000 MIs per year; 15-20% present as sudden cardiac death	Mean age 65-70 years; younger in males (55+ vs 65+ for females); 10% occur in patients <45 years; young ACS often associated with cocaine, hypercoagulable states, or familial dyslipidemia	Acute chest pain or pressure >20 minutes; radiation pattern varies; associated symptoms: diaphoresis, nausea, dyspnea, anxiety; atypical presentations in 30% of women, elderly, diabetics; can present with syncope, acute heart failure, or cardiac arrest	Coronary arterial system; acute plaque pathology; thrombus formation; downstream myocardial ischemia or infarction; microvascular dysfunction	ECG within 10 minutes of arrival; serial high-sensitivity troponin at 0 and 1-3 hours (0/1h or 0/3h algorithm); HEART score for risk stratification; echocardiography for wall motion; coronary angiography for definitive diagnosis	Oxygen if SpO2 <90%; morphine for refractory pain; nitroglycerin sublingual/IV; aspirin 325mg immediate; P2Y12 inhibitor; anticoagulation; primary PCI for STEMI; early invasive strategy for high-risk NSTEMI; fibrinolysis if PCI not available; secondary prevention with DAPT, statin, beta-blocker, ACEi	Depends on type and treatment timing; STEMI mortality 5-7% with PCI; NSTEMI in-hospital mortality 3-5%; overall 1-year mortality 8-12%; GRACE score predicts 6-month mortality; complete revascularization improves outcomes	I24.9
02	2	Coronary Artery Aneurysm	Coronary Artery Diseases	Localized dilation >1.5x normal segment diameter; atherosclerosis (50% of adult cases); Kawasaki disease (major pediatric cause); connective tissue disorders; post-PCI; vasculitis; mycotic/infectious; iatrogenic from atherectomy	Incidence 0.3-5% on coronary angiography; giant aneurysms (>8mm) rare (<0.02%); Kawasaki disease causes in ~25% of untreated children; male-to-female ratio 2-4:1 in adults	Atherosclerotic: 50-70 years; Kawasaki disease: childhood onset (6 months-5 years) with persistence into adulthood; post-PCI: any age; connective tissue: 20-40 years	Often asymptomatic (incidental finding); may present with ACS from thrombosis or distal embolization; angina; dyspnea; rarely rupture with hemopericardium; fistula formation causing continuous murmur	Epicardial coronary arteries; RCA most commonly affected in adults (40%); LAD (32%); LCx (23%); aneurysmal dilation with disruption of media; intraluminal thrombus; may be fusiform or saccular	Coronary angiography (gold standard); coronary CT angiography for size and morphology; intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for wall characterization; echocardiography (giant aneurysms); serial imaging for surveillance	Anticoagulation with warfarin (target INR 2-3) for giant aneurysms or thrombus; antiplatelet therapy for smaller aneurysms; covered stent for suitable anatomy; surgical resection/ligation with bypass grafting for giant/symptomatic aneurysms; treat underlying cause (IVIG for Kawasaki); serial surveillance imaging every 6-12 months	Variable; small aneurysms (<5mm) have good prognosis with antiplatelet therapy; giant aneurysms carry risk of thrombosis, MI, and rupture; Kawasaki-related giant aneurysms: 50% stenotic regression but persistent risk; 5-year MACE rate 15-25% for symptomatic aneurysms	I25.41
03	3	Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Stenosis	Coronary Artery Diseases	Progressive occlusive disease of bypass conduits; early (<1 month): thrombosis from technical issues; intermediate (1-12 months): intimal hyperplasia; late (>1 year): graft atherosclerosis; saphenous vein graft (SVG) more prone than internal mammary artery (IMA); risk factors: dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking continuation	SVG patency: 80-85% at 1 year, 50-60% at 10 years; IMA patency: >95% at 10 years, >90% at 20 years; approximately 500,000+ post-CABG patients with graft disease in US	Any age post-CABG; early graft failure: within weeks of surgery; SVG atherosclerosis: 5-10 years post-surgery; late IMA disease: >15-20 years; median time to SVG intervention 8-10 years	Recurrent angina or angina equivalent; reduced exercise capacity; positive stress test; may present as ACS from acute graft thrombosis; heart failure from progressive ischemia; some patients asymptomatic with silent ischemia	Bypass graft conduits; SVG prone to intimal hyperplasia and diffuse atherosclerosis; IMA relatively protected; aorto-ostial stenosis common in SVGs; body of graft atherosclerosis is diffuse and friable	Stress imaging (preferred over exercise ECG post-CABG); coronary CT angiography for graft assessment; invasive angiography with selective graft cannulation; FFR for functional assessment; IVUS/OCT for graft characterization	Aggressive secondary prevention: high-intensity statin (target LDL <55 mg/dL); DAPT; lifestyle modification; PCI for focal SVG lesions with embolic protection device; IMA graft PCI with DES; redo CABG for extensive graft failure (higher risk, mortality 5-10%); medical therapy optimization; PCSK9 inhibitor for refractory hyperlipidemia	IMA grafts: excellent long-term patency >90% at 15 years; SVG grafts: 50% occluded by 10 years; redo CABG mortality 5-10%; PCI of SVGs has higher restenosis and MACE rates; aggressive lipid-lowering improves SVG patency; overall 5-year survival 85-90% post-CABG	I25.810
04	4	Coronary Artery Disease (Chronic)	Coronary Artery Diseases	Progressive atherosclerotic plaque buildup in coronary arteries; chronic endothelial inflammation; lipid deposition; calcification over decades; risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, family history	Most common cause of death worldwide; 200 million affected globally; prevalence 7-10% in adults >40 years; US prevalence ~20.5 million (AHA 2023)	Subclinical disease begins in 20s-30s; symptomatic typically >50 years; coronary artery calcium detectable from 40s; earlier onset with familial hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous LDL >190 mg/dL)	May be asymptomatic for decades; exertional chest pain or dyspnea; reduced exercise tolerance; fatigue; silent ischemia in 25% (especially diabetics); angina equivalent symptoms in elderly	All epicardial coronary arteries; diffuse atherosclerosis with focal stenoses; plaque burden in intima and media; coronary calcification; myocardial fibrosis from chronic ischemia	Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score (Agatston); coronary CT angiography (cCAC >100 significant); stress testing modalities; invasive angiography with FFR/iFR for functional significance; lipid panel; HbA1c; hs-CRP	Lifestyle modification (Mediterranean diet, 150 min/week moderate exercise); aspirin 81mg daily; high-intensity statin (target LDL <70 mg/dL, <55 if very high risk); PCSK9 inhibitor (evolocumab 140mg q2w) if statin-insufficient; ezetimibe 10mg add-on; ACE inhibitor; revascularization for refractory symptoms or significant ischemia	Variable; 10-year ASCVD risk score guides management; annual mortality 1-3% with optimal therapy; higher with reduced EF, multivessel disease, diabetes; modern therapy improves 10-year survival to >85%	I25.10
05	5	Coronary Artery Ectasia	Coronary Artery Diseases	Diffuse dilation of coronary arteries >1.5x adjacent normal segment without focal aneurysm; strongly associated with atherosclerosis (50%); connective tissue disorders; vasculitis; chronic cocaine use; enzymatic degradation of media (metalloproteinases)	Prevalence 1.2-4.9% on coronary angiography; isolated ectasia without stenosis in 10-20% of cases; more common in males (3:1 ratio); higher prevalence in Mediterranean populations	55-70 years (atherosclerotic); younger with connective tissue disorders or vasculitis; mean age at diagnosis 60 years; incidental finding during angiography for other indications	May be asymptomatic; angina from sluggish flow and microthromboembolism; acute MI from in-situ thrombosis; positive stress test despite non-obstructive disease; atypical chest pain	Coronary arteries with diffuse dilation; RCA most commonly affected; may involve multiple vessels; sluggish flow with contrast stasis on angiography; intimal-medial thinning; loss of elastic lamina	Coronary angiography showing diffuse dilation and slow flow (Markis classification Types I-IV); TIMI frame count elevated; coronary CT angiography for luminal assessment; IVUS for wall characterization; workup for connective tissue disorders and vasculitis	Antiplatelet therapy (aspirin 81mg); anticoagulation with warfarin for severe ectasia (Type I-II) or prior thrombotic event; statin therapy; ACE inhibitor; nitrates may worsen slow flow; lifestyle modification; surveillance angiography; treat underlying cause	Similar long-term mortality to obstructive CAD; 5-year MACE rate 15-20%; risk of acute thrombotic events; prognosis worse with coexisting coronary stenosis; isolated ectasia has better outcomes; anticoagulation reduces thrombotic events	I25.89

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